Conditioning

Tuesday is psychology day here at karenika. Since I have a Theories of Personality class on Tuesday mornings and spend most of the rest of my day pondering about my class, I inevitably write something to do with the class topic.

Today’s class was all about conditioning, so here’s a bit of what I learned (or what I think I learned):

A Russian physiologist named Pavlov did many experiments with his dog. He discovered classical conditioning while studying the digestive system of dogs. He would feed his dog and study how the dog digested the food. One day he walked into the dog’s room, without meat, and saw that his dog was salivating, which is the dog’s reflexive response to seeing meat. He couldn’t understand why the dog would salivate without the presence of meat and decided to do some tests. He showed the dog the image of a circle, which of course didn’t make the dog salivate. He then started to show the dog the image and then gave him meat immediately afterwards. After doing this several times, the dog started salivating to the image of the circle without even getting the meat. This is called classical conditioning and it’s only used for reflexive behavior, such as salivating.

One important thing to note is that if Pavlov kept showing the image without giving the meat, the dog would eventually stop salivating. Which is called extinction.

Now that you know all about conditioning, I want to talk about a study my teacher mentioned. One of B. F. Skinner’s students did an experiment with dogs. He took a room divided into two by a short fence. One side of the room’s floor was white and the other black. He let the dog in on the white side and wanted it to jump the fence, so a few seconds after the dog was let in, he electrocuted the white floor, which naturally made the dog jump to the black side. After a couple of times, the dog would automatically jump to the black side as soon as he was let in. This is called avoidance, as the dog is trying to avoid the electrocution.

The interesting thing about avoidance, however, is that it never extinguishes. So the dog will always want to jump away from the white floor even if it never has electricity ever again.

Here’s how you totally screw up the dog. If you then start electrocuting the black floor, the dog will come in on the white side, immediately jump to the black side, to avoid electrocution, and then jump back when he gets shocked on the black side and since he knows the white side to be bad, he will jump back to black and then jump back to white, so on and so forth. Even if you stop electrocuting both sides, the poor dog will now forever jump back and forth the two sides.

When you know its conditioning history, the dog’s actions make perfect sense. But imagine if you didn’t know it and walked into this room and saw the dog jumping back and forth. What would you think? That the dog is completely out of his mind, right? Well, that’s the point behaviorists try to make. Humans exhibiting neurotic behavior might really be doing it as an outcome of their earlier experiences with conditioning.

Another sad experiment also made me think. A bunch of students took some dogs and put them in a room where they had no escape and electrocuted them pretty badly. And then they took these dogs and put them in to the segmented room mentioned above. When the white floor started electrocuting them, they didn’t even attempt to jump. This phenomenon is called “learned helplessness.”

While I’m sure humans and their problems are not as simple as behaviorists wanted to make them, these studies made me rethink my life and some of my learned behavior. And why sometimes I can’t stop worrying even if I know I should. This is assuming, of course, that you believe there is no difference between humans and animals, which Skinner did.

No matter what your personal beliefs, conditioning has a lot to do with our daily life, with the jobs we choose (or don’t choose), the people we surround ourselves with, and many other life decisions. I spent most of today trying to figure out which one of my actions was related to what past conditioning.

Can you think of a few of yours?

Previously? Interdiciplinary.